Pharmacological evaluation of anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, and antioxidant activities of Castanopsis costata leaf fractions (water, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane fractions): the potential medicinal plants from North Sumatra, Indonesia

Maulana Yusuf Alkandahri , Asman Sadino, Barolym Tri Pamungkas, Zulpakor Oktoba, Maya Arfania, Nia Yuniarsih, Eko Sri Wahyuningsih, Dea Eka Putri

Abstract


Background and purpose: Inflammation, fever, and pain can be associated with several diseases, and the synthetic drugs used in the treatment of these conditions often have severe side effects. As a result, there is a need for effective, economical, and safe alternative drugs, such as those derived from medicinal plants. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, and antioxidant activities of Castanopsis costata leaf fractions (CcLF), as well as its acute toxicity.

Experimental approach: For anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic tests, rats were given CcLF (WFCC, EAFCC, and n-HFCC) at 50 and 100 mg/kg, diclofenac sodium (10 mg/kg), paracetamol                             (150 mg/kg), aspirin (100 mg/kg), and tramadol (20 mg/kg). For the antioxidant activity test, various concentrations of CcLF were used ranging from 25 to 200 µg/mL. This study also looked into whether there could be any acute toxicity and histopathology of the liver, stomach, and kidneys in experimental animals.

Findings/Results: The administration of CcLF significantly inhibited the increase in foot edema volume, and CcLF (EAFCC at 100 mg/kg) considerably decreased rectal temperature and was proportional to the standard drug paracetamol, and significantly inhibited pain sensation in various models. Additionally, CcLF showed strong antioxidant activity, and its administration at a dose limit of 5000 mg/kg/day did not show any toxic effects or death in test animals.

Conclusions and implications: The results of the current confirmed that CcLF has demonstrated anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, and antioxidant properties in experimental models, and is practically non-toxic.

 

 


Keywords


Acute toxicity; Analgesic; Anti-inflammatory; Antioxidant; Antipyretic; Castanopsis costata.

Full Text:

PDF

References


Khansari N, Shakiba Y, Mahmoudi M. Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress as a major cause of age-related diseases and cancer. Recent Pat Inflamm Allergy Drug Discov. 2009;3(1):73-80.DOI: 10.2174/187221309787158371.

Athamena S, Laroui S, Bouzid W, Meziti A. The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities of Juniperu thurifera. J Herbs Spices Med Plants. 2019;25(3):271-286. DOI: 10.1080/10496475.2019.1608886.

Zampronio AR, Soares DM, Souza GE. Central mediators involved in the febrile response: effects of antipyretic drugs. Temperature (Austin). 2015;2(4):506-521. DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2015.1102802.

Purssell E, While AE. Does the use of antipyretics in children who have acute infections prolong febrile illness? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pediatr. 2013;163(3):822-827. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.03.069.

Rakib A, Ahmed S, Islam MA, Haye A, Uddin SMN, Uddin MMN, et al. Antipyretic and hepatoprotective potential of Tinospora crispa and investigation of possible lead compounds through in silico approaches. Food Sci Nutr. 2019;8(1):547-556. DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1339.

Jang Y, Kim M, Hwang SW. Molecular mechanisms underlying the actions of arachidonic acid-derived prostaglandins on peripheral nociception. J Neuroinflammation. 2020;17(1):30,1-27.DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-1703-1.

Alkandahri MY, Arfania M, Abriyani E, Ridwanuloh D, Farhamzah F, Fikayuniar L, et al. Evaluation of antioxidant and antipyretic effects of ethanolic extract of Cep-cepan leaves (Castanopsis costata (Blume) A.DC). J Adv Pharm Educ Res. 2022;12(3):107-112.DOI: 10.51847/twcOIyzqTM.

Walker C, Biasucci LM. Cardiovascular safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs revisited. Postgrad Med. 2018;130(1):55-71. DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2018.1412799.

Salim E, Fatimah C, Fanny DY. Analgetic activity of Cep-cepan (Saurauia cauliflora Dc.) leaves extract. J Nat. 2017;17(1):31-38. DOI: 10.24815/jn.v17i1.6856.

Alkandahri MY, Berbudi A, Utami NV, Subarnas A. Antimalarial activity of extract and fractions of Castanopsis costata (Blume) A.DC. Avicenna J Phytomed. 2019;9(5):474-481. DOI: 10.22038/AJP.2019.13188.

Alkandahri MY, Sujana D, Hasyim DM, Shafirany MZ, Sulastri L, Arfania M, et al. Antidiabetic activity of extract and fractions of Castanopsis costata leaves on alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Pharmacogn J. 2021;13(6)Suppl:1589-1593.DOI: 10.5530/pj.2021.13.204.

Alkandahri MY, Kusumiyati K, Renggana H, Arfania M, Frianto D, Wahyuningsih ES, et al. Antihyperlipidemic activity of extract and fractions of Castanopsis costata leaves on rats fed with high cholesterol diet. Rasayan J Chem. 2022;15(4):2350-2358.DOI: 10.31788/RJC.2022.1547015.

Alkandahri MY, Sholih MG, Fadilah NN, Arfania M, Amal S, Frianto D, et al. Evaluation of antidiarrheal, antispasmodic, and antisecretory activities of extract and fractions of Castanopsis costata leaves in animal. Pharmacogn J. 2023;15(1):31-37.DOI: 10.5530/pj.2023.15.5.

Hidayah H, Amal S, Yuniarsih N, Farhamzah F, Kusumawati AH, Gunarti NS, et al. Sun protection factor activity of Jamblang leaves serum extract (Syzygium cumini). Pharmacogn J. 2023;15(1):134-140. DOI: 10.5530/pj.2023.15.18.

Kartini K, Jayani NIE, Octaviyanti ND, Krisnawan AH, Avanti C. Standardization of some Indonesian medicinal plants used in “Scientific Jamu”. IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ Sci. 2019;391:1-8. DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/391/1/012042.

Sharma VC, Kaushik A, Dey YN, Srivastava B, Wanjari M, Jaiswal B. Analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of ethanolic extract of stem bark of Anogeissus latifolia Roxb. Clin Phytosci. 2020;6(22):1-9. DOI: 10.1186/s40816-020-00171-2.

Kang JY, Khan MN, Park NH, Cho JY, Lee MC, Fujii H, et al. Antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activities of the seaweed Sargassum fulvellum and Sargassum thunbergii in mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;116(1):187-190.DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.10.032.

Ghauri MA, Iqbal L, Raza A, Hayat U, Atif N, Javeed A. In vivo anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic activity and in vitro anti-proliferative activity of aqueous methanolic extract of Euphorbia granulata Forssk. Future J Pharm Sci. 2021; 7(34):1-10.DOI: 10.1186/s43094-021-00184-9.

Afsar T, Khan MR, Razak S, Ullah S, Mirza B. Antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of Acacia hydaspica R. Parker and its phytochemical analysis. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2015;15(136):1-12.DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0658-8.

Kusumawati AH, Farhamzah F, Alkandahri MY, Sadino A, Agustina LS, Apriana SD. Antioxidant activity and sun protection factor of black glutinous rice (Oryza sativa var. glutinosa). Trop J Nat Prod Res. 2021;5(11):1958-1961. DOI: 10.26538/tjnpr/v5i11.11.

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Guideline for the testing of chemicals, 2001. Revised draft guideline 423. Document on acute oral toxicity and acute toxicity class method. Available from: http://www.oecd.org. Cited: 2022 Jun 30.

Khairani S, Fauziah N, Wiraswati HL, Panigoro R, Setyowati EY, Berbudi A. Oral administration of piperine as curative and prophylaxis reduces parasitaemia in Plasmodium berghei ANKA-infected mice. J Trop Med. 2022;2022:1-11. DOI: 10.1155/2022/5721449.

Pertiwi DI, Naufalin R, Arsil P, Erminawati, Wicaksono R, Auliya T. Quality of simplician bioactive components and liquid extract of Kecombrang flower powder from temperature and time optimization results. IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ Sci. 2019;406:1-14.DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/406/1/012008.

Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia. Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia 2nd Edition. Jakarta: Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia. 2017.

Jun M, Fu HY, Hong J, Wan X, Yang CS, Ho CT. Comparison of antioxidant activities of isoflavones from kadzu root (Puerari lobata ohwi). J Food Sci. 2003;68(6):2117-2122.DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2003.tb07029.x.

Kuropakornpong P, Itharat A, Panthong S, Sireeratawong S, Ooraikul B. In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities of Benjakul: a potential medicinal product from Thai traditional medicine. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2020;2020:9760948,1-8.DOI: 10.1155/2020/9760948.

Okin D, Medzhitov R. Evolution of inflammatory diseases. Curr Biol. 2012;22(17):R733-740.DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2012.07.029.

Medzhitov R. Origin and physiological roles of inflammation. Nature. 2008;454(7203):428-435.DOI: 10.1038/nature07201.

Lugrin J, Rosenblatt-Velin N, Parapanov R, Liaudet L. The role of oxidative stress during inflammatory processes. Biol Chem. 2014;395(2):203-230. DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2013-0241.

Singh A, Malhotra S, Subban R. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents from Indian medicinal plants. Int J Integr Biol. 2008;3(1):57-72.

Nathan C. Points of control in inflammation. Nature. 2002;420(6917):846-852.

DOI: 10.1038/nature01320.

Sanchez-Alavez M, Tabarean IV, Behrens MM, Bartfai T. Ceramide mediates the rapid phase of febrile response to IL-1beta. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103(8):2904-2908.DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0510960103.

Engblom D, Saha S, Engström L, Westman M, Audoly LP, Jakobsson PJ, et al. Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 is the central switch during immune-induced pyresis. Nat Neurosci. 2003;6(11):1137-1138.DOI: 10.1038/nn1137.

Blomqvist A, Engblom D. Neural mechanisms of inflammation-induced fever. Neuroscientist. 2018;24(4):381-399.DOI: 10.1177/1073858418760481.

Muhammad N, Saeed M, Khan H. Antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of Viola betonicifolia whole plant. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2012;12:59,1-8.DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-12-59.

Pulichino AM, Rowland S, Wu T, Clark P, Xu D, Mathieu MC, et al. Prostacyclin antagonism reduces pain and inflammation in rodent models of hyperalgesia and chronic arthritis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2006;319(3):1043-1050.DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.110387.

Sandrini G, Ruiz L, Capararo M, Garofoli F, Beretta A, Nappi G. Central analgesic activity of ibuprofen. A neurophysiological study in humans. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 1992;12(4):197-204.PMID: 1297643.

Reinold H, Ahmadi S, Depner UB, Layh B, Heindl C, Hamza M, et al. Spinal inflammatory hyperalgesia is mediated by prostaglandin E receptors of the EP2 subtype. J Clin Invest. 2005;115(3):673-679.DOI: 10.1172/JCI23618.

Pham-Huy LA, He H, Pham-Huy C. Free radicals, antioxidants in disease and health. Int J Biomed Sci. 2008;4(2):89-96.PMCID: PMC3614697.

Xu DP, Li Y, Meng X, Zhou T, Zhou Y, Zheng J, et al. Natural antioxidants in foods and medicinal plants: extraction, assessment and resources. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(1):1-32.DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010096.

Li Y, Yao J, Han C, Yang J, Chaudhry MT, Wang S, et al. Quercetin, inflammation and immunity. Nutrients. 2016;8(3):1-14.DOI: 10.3390/nu8030167.

Al-Khayri JM, Sahana GR, Nagella P, Joseph BV, Alessa FM, Al-Mssallem MQ. Flavonoids as potential anti-inflammatory molecules: a review. Molecules. 2022;27(9):2901,1-24.DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092901.

Farhamzah, Kusumawati AH, Alkandahri MY, Hidayah H, Sujana D, Gunarti NS, et al. Sun protection factor activity of black glutinous rice emulgel extract (Oryza sativa var glutinosa). Indian J Pharm Educ Res. 2022;56(1):302-310.DOI: 10.5530/ijper.56.1.36.

Itou H, Toyota R, Takeda M. Phytochemical quercetin alleviates hyperexcitability of trigeminal nociceptive neurons associated with inflammatory hyperalgesia comparable to NSAIDs. Mol Pain. 2022;18:17448069221108971,1-11.DOI: 10.1177/17448069221108971.

Xu D, Hu MJ, Wang YQ, Cui YL. Antioxidant activities of quercetin and its complexes for medicinal application. Molecules. 2019;24(6):1123,1-15.DOI: 10.3390/molecules24061123.

Bhowmik D, Chiranjib, Dubay P, Chandira M, Kumar KPS. Herbal drug toxicity and safety evaluation of traditional medicines. Arch Appl Sci Res. 2009;1(2):32-56.

Sudira IW, Merdana IM, Budiasa K. Gastric histopathology of white rats after administration of Kedondong leaves extract. Adv Trop Biodivers Environ Sci. 2018;2(1):18-21.DOI: 10.24843/ATBES.2018.v02.i01.p05


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Creative Commons LicenseThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License which allows users to read, copy, distribute and make derivative works for non-commercial purposes from the material, as long as the author of the original work is cited properly.