Protective effect of amlodipine on diazinon-induced changes on oxidative/antioxidant balance in rat hippocampus

Amir Nili-Ahmadabadi , Fahimeh Ali-Heidar, Akram Ranjbar, Leila Mousavi, Davoud Ahmadimoghaddam, Amir Larki-Harchegani, Abolfazl Ghafouri-Khosrowshahi

Abstract


Oxidative stress (OS) is a main mechanism in organophosphorus poisoning. The effects of calcium channel blockers have been confirmed in decreasing of oxidative stress. In the current study, the effects of amlodipine (AM), as a calcium channel blocker, were evaluated on oxidative damages induced by diazinon (DZN) in hippocampus tissue of Wistar rats. Forty-two rats were divided into six groups and treated intraperitoneally for two weeks. Group 1 served as control received vehicle, group 2 was treated with 9 mg/kg of AM, group 3 (positive control) received DZN (32 mg/kg), Groups 4, 5, and 6 were treated with 3, 6, and 9 mg/kg of AM adjunct with DZN (32 mg/kg), respectively. After 14 days, all the animals were sacrificed under anesthesia and hippocampus tissue and blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis and histopathology experiments. The results showed that DZN caused significant increase in lipid peroxidation (P < 0.001), nitric oxide (P < 0.001) and lactate dehydrogenase (P < 0.001) levels, depletion of total antioxidant capacity (P < 0.01), and structural changes in hippocampus tissues. Following AM administration, a significant improvement was observed in oxidative biomarkers in hippocampus tissues. Additionally, our biochemical findings were related well with histopathological examinations. In conclusion, the data of this study indicated that AM administration may prevent oxidative damages via improving of energy production and preventing of free radical formation in DZN-exposed animals.

Keywords


Amlodipine; Calcium channel blocker; Diazinon; Hippocampus.

Full Text:

PDF

References


Kazemi M, Tahmasbi AM, Valizadeh R, Naserian AA, Soni A. Organophosphate pesticides: A general review. Agric Sci Res J. 2012;2(9):512-522.

Bouchard MF, Chevrier J, Harley KG, Kogut K, Vedar M, Calderon N, et al. Prenatal exposure to organophosphate pesticides and IQ in 7-year-old children. Environ Health Perspect. 2011;119(8):1189-1195.

Muñoz-Quezada MT, Lucero BA, Barr DB, Steenland K, Levy K, Ryan PB, et al. Neurodevelopmental effects in children associated with exposure to organophosphate pesticides: a systematic review. Neurotoxicology. 2013;39: 158-168.

Pakzad M, Fouladdel S, Nili-Ahmadabadi A, Pourkhalili N, Baeeri M, Azizi E, et al. Sublethal exposures of diazinon alters glucose homostasis in Wistar rats: Biochemical and molecular evidences of oxidative stress in adipose tissues. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 2013;105(1):57-61.

Hariri AT, Moallem SA, Mahmoudi M, Memar B, Hosseinzadeh H. Sub-acute effects of diazinon on biochemical indices and specific biomarkers in rats: protective effects of crocin and safranal. Food Chem Toxicol. 2010;48(10):2803-2808.

Karami-Mohajeri S, Abdollahi M. Mitochondrial dysfunction and organophosphorus compounds. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2013;270(1):39-44.

Kim GH, Kim JE, Rhie SJ, Yoon S. The role of oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases. Exp neurobiol. 2015;24(4):325-340.

Lukaszewicz-Hussain A. Role of oxidative stress in organophosphate insecticide toxicity-short review. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 2010;98(2):145-150.

Brocardo PS, Pandolfo P, Takahashi RN, Rodriguesa ALS,.Dafrec AL. Antioxidant defenses and lipid peroxidation in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus following acute exposure to malathion and/or zinc chloride. Toxicology. 2005;207(2): 283-291.

Anekonda TS, Quinn JF. Calcium channel blocking as a therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer's disease: the case for isradipine. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2011;1812(12):1584-1590.

Ermak G, Davies KJ. Calcium and oxidative stress: from cell signaling to cell death. Mol Immunol. 2002;38(10):713-721.

Pronobesh C, Dagagi AV, Pallab C, Kumar WA. Protective role of the calcium channel blocker amlodipine against mitochondrial injury in ischemia and reperfusion injury of rat liver. Acta Pharm. 2008;58(4):421-428.

Nehra S, Bhardwaj V, Singh M, Singh K, Saraswat D. Cardioprotective role of amlodipine under acute hypobaric hypoxia: role of AKT-1 in redox balance. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2015;6(1):190-199.

Wang AL, Iadecola C, Wang G. New generations of dihydropyridines for treatment of hypertension. J Geriatr Cardiol. 2017;14(1):67-72.

Chiu K, Lau WM, Lau HT, So KF, Chang RC. Micro-dissection of rat brain for RNA or protein extraction from specific brain region. J Vis Exp. 2007;(7):269. DOI:10.3791/269

Ozarowski M, Mikolajczak PL, Piasecka A, Kujawski R, Bartkowiak-Wieczorek J, Bogacz A, et al. Effect of Salvia miltiorrhiza root extract on brain acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activities, their mRNA levels and memory evaluation in rats. Physiol Behav. 2017;173: 223-230.

Nili-Ahmadabadi A, Tavakoli F, Hasanzadeh G, Rahimi H, Sabzevari O. Protective effect of pretreatment with thymoquinone against aflatoxin B(1) induced liver toxicity in mice. Daru. 2011;19(4):282–287.

Ghaffari S, Hatami H, Dehghan G. Saffron ethanolic extract attenuates oxidative stress, spatial learning, and memory impairments induced by local injection of ethidium bromide. Res Pharm Sci. 2015;10(3):222-232.

Rahimifard M, Navaei-Nigjeh M, Mahroui N, Mirzaei S, Siahpoosh Z, D P, et al Improvement in the function of isolated rat pancreatic islets through reduction of oxidative stress using traditional Iranian medicine. Cell J. 2014;16(2):147-163.

Masoud A, Kiran R, Sandhir R. Impaired mitochondrial functions in organophosphate induced delayed neuropathy in rats. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2009;29(8):1245-1255.

Zhang J, Dai H, Deng Y, Tian J, Zhang C, Hu Z, et al. Neonatal chlorpyrifos exposure induces loss of dopaminergic neurons in young adult rats. Toxicology. 2015;336:17-25.

Medeiros MC, Mello A, Gemelli T, Teixeira C, de Almeida M, de Andrade RB, et al. Effect of chronic administration of the vinyl chalcogenide 3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-(phenylseleno) oct-2-en-1-one on oxidative stress in different brain areas of rats. Neurochem Res. 2012;37(5):928-934.

Amara IB, Soudani N, Hakim A, et al. Selenium and vitamin E, natural antioxidants, protect rat cerebral cortex against dimethoate-induced neurotoxicity. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 2011;101(3):165-174.

Gandhi S, Abramov AY. Mechanism of oxidative stress in neurodegeneration. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2012; DOI:10.1155/2012/428010

Rao AV, Balachandran B. Role of oxidative stress and antioxidants in neurodegenerative diseases. Nutr Neurosci. 2013.5(5):291-309.

Mandavilli BS, Rao KS. Neurons in the cerebral cortex are most susceptible to DNA‐damage in aging rat brain. Biochem Mol Biol Int. 1996;40(3): 507-514.

Chi D, Rong L, Wang S, Wang X, Ma L, Shao L. Role of oxidative/nitrative stress in hepatic encephalopathy induced by thioacetamide. Pharmazie. 2011;66(5):378-381.

Shah MD, Iqbal M. Diazinon-induced oxidative stress and renal dysfunction in rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 2010;48(12):3345-3353.

Ranjbar A, Ghahremani MH, Sharifzadeh M, Golestani A, Ghazi-Khansari M, Baeeri M, et al. Protection by pentoxifylline of malathion-induced toxic stress and mitochondrial damage in rat brain. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2010;29(10):851-864.

Godfraind T, Salomone S. Ambiguities in dietary antioxidant supplementation compared to calcium channel blockers therapy. Front Pharmacol. 2015;6:10-13.

Chen Y. Organophosphate-induced brain damage: mechanisms, neuropsychiatric and neurological consequences, and potential therapeutic strategies. Neurotoxicology. 2012;33(3):391-400.

Sendrowski K, Rusak M, Sobaniec P, Iłendo E, Dąbrowska M, Boćkowski L, et al. Study of the protective effect of calcium channel blockers against neuronal damage induced by glutamate in cultured hippocampal neurons. Pharmacol Rep. 2013;65(3):730-736.

Valvona CJ, Fillmore HL, Nunn PB and Pilkington GJ. The Regulation and function of lactate dehydrogenase A: therapeutic potential in brain tumor. Brain Pathol. 2016;26(1):3-17.

Nili-Ahmadabadi A, Pourkhalili N, Fouladdel S, Pakzad M, Mostafalou S, Hassani S, et al. On the biochemical and molecular mechanisms by which malathion induces dysfunction in pancreatic islets in vivo and in vitro. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 2013;106(1):51-60.

Tarasov AI, Griffiths EJ, Rutter GA. Regulation of ATP production by mitochondrial Ca2+.Cell calcium. 2012;52(1):28-35.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Creative Commons LicenseThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License which allows users to read, copy, distribute and make derivative works for non-commercial purposes from the material, as long as the author of the original work is cited properly.